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Central bank poker – who has the best hand?

In this uncertain ‘game’ of financial markets John Freeme of HiFX considers what the US Federal Reserve, European Central Bank and Bank of England will do next and what impact on this could have on currencies.

by John Freeme on Sep 14, 2011 at 00:01

In this uncertain ‘game’ of financial markets, the central banks hold a vital role – each with their own mandate and goal – and all having far reaching implications. So, asks John Freeme of foreign exchange broker HiFX, what will they do next and what will the impact be on currency markets?

US Federal Reserve (Fed)

The Fed is arguably the most influential central bank in the world, with the US dollar being involved in the majority of foreign exchange transactions.

The Fed would be considered the ‘whale’ at the table, with other players often waiting to follow their lead.

What cards has the Fed played until now?

It has:

  • reduced the prime borrowing rate from above 5% to 0.15% to stimulate spending and alleviate pressures on borrowers.
  • committed to keeping interest rates at these record lows until 2013.

Keeping interest rates this low continues to leave the dollar unattractive to yield hunters, leaving only the flight to safety to keep the demand to buy dollars going.

The Fed has also:

  • purchased around $1.7 trillion worth of mortgage-related assets from banks, named QE1.
  • QE2 involved the purchase of mid-to-long term bonds worth $600 billion.

Many will argue that QE1 was effective and served its purpose, while QE2 was widely criticised as unnecessary and ineffectual. From a currency perspective the announcement of both QE programmes have immediately weakened the dollar in a big way. 

What cards does the Fed still hold?

Interest rates can’t really get any lower, so that card can be considered played. This presumably leaves just another round of quantitative easing to boost the failing US economy.

Currently, the percentage chance of QE3 stands between 40% and 60% – depending on where you look.

Accordingly, going forward the dollar will have just the traditional safe-haven/ reserve currency buyers to prop up demand, while should we see another round of monetary stimulus then the dollar may come in for another round of weakness.

European Central Bank (ECB)

The ECB is the youngest of the central banks, but is fast learning the ‘game’ and has had some difficult situations to deal with in the last few years.

The ECB would be that quiet player in the corner, the one that does not like surprises and often shows his cards before playing a hand.

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11 comments so far. Why not have your say?

S_M

Sep 14, 2011 at 07:36

Focusing on the Bank of England situation, why is there no choice but to increase interest rates?

The government may not admit this but through mass job cuts in the public sector, consumer demand/confidence inevitably will suffer. So as long as the coalition pursue this policy the demand side of the economy will make it very difficult to pass on the cost of increases in raw materials. Inflation is also at artifically high levels due to the increases in VAT which drop out of the equation after a year anyway.

I was watching bloomberg this morning, and there was a comment about sterling being perceived as a semi safe haven. This is because there is a plan in place to make sure we dont become the next greece.

I know which side of the euro zone I want to be at the moment. It may not seem great in the UK right now, but wait and see what unravels in Europe, its going to be a blood bath.

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Sir Charles

Sep 14, 2011 at 07:37

What effect does this have on the individual ? A Frenchman, for example, places his savings in a bank account, receives 1.5% interest and loses 2¨2% to inflation.

Is the total pie reducing or is he subsidising the extravagant losses of the big players?

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Daye Tucker

Sep 14, 2011 at 08:33

As ever the saver no matter what country subsidises the profligate. It was ever thus.

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Hotrod

Sep 14, 2011 at 08:56

To my mind, The Fed is "All in" it has no chips left, Ben B is just trying to bluff his way through. BoE cannot win with the cards it has, so would be well advised not to bet anymore chips. The only way EU can win is if all the member states hand over their cards to Berlin. Can't see it happening. The Germans are not going to sweat their guts out in factories in order to enable Greek shipping magnates to relax on their yachts. Looks to me that China will pick up the pot.

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georges

Sep 14, 2011 at 09:05

If there are supposedly 3 savers for every 2 borrowers and if only a fraction of borrowers are potentially impacted by higher interest rates (likely to miss payments), then why not increase interest rates?

An increase would boost confidence in savers, who would be willing to spend the "interest" rather than conserve capital as now (except for essential purchases).

Net net I suspect that the country would get a boost.

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Patrick Napier

Sep 14, 2011 at 09:27

Does China really have the money? Unlike the other "players" there is no sure way of checking. Figures have been and will be massaged. Will we all muddle through or is fiat currency doomed. History says yes.

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VagaBond

Sep 14, 2011 at 09:28

As HotRod said, the Fed is all in.

Problem is that it's only got an Ace and a 9 in its hand so is desperately hoping to wing it with a matching Ace in the flop or, by some miracle, a streaky straight.

ECB still has a few levers (although QE would be a pain technically since it can't go straight to the printing presses like sovereign central banks).

Berlin seizing control would have given it Aces; but the dysfunctionality of its neighbours means it only has a pair of 9s and has to hope its 'muddling' hand can make it through the huge risk that it will be exposed.

The ECB can still raise, at least. But it knows the Fed will be there to the end for the reveal so this is a very dodgy strategy.

UK looks pretty stodgy.

It might have started with a pair of 2s but the flop has revealed another 2 so it might just do the improbable and wing it with Three of a Kind.

BoE cannot raise rates now, though. It would kill off yer man in the street, cause his house to be reposessed and exacerbate the austerity.

History might show that this begrudging double-act (Government and BoE) actually worked out to be the best method: Austerity + loose monetary policy.

Then again, I do have a tracker mortgage so might not be as objective as I could...

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Joe King

Sep 14, 2011 at 09:32

Raising interest rates now would kill the uk economy. People are taking pay cuts and freezes and only surviving due to mortgage payments being lower. An increase in interest rates will further reduce peoples disposable income and risk more people defaulting on mortgages and loans.

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Anonymous 1 needed this 'off the record'

Sep 14, 2011 at 11:24

An increase in interest does not assist the people on Benefits, most people who own a house must have some sort of income which is taxed, to increase interest rates you are increasing the tax on the productive people in the economy, although to class Government employees as productive is unrealistic as they are just part of the tax burden.

The Govt. needs to reduce direct Tax on the private sector in order to stimulate the economy, this would include persons employed in the private sector, Maybe Cameron realizes a strong private sector is the only way for sustainable growth, a strong government sector is just an increased tax burden.

People employed in the Govt. sector should have earnings capped at £100,000pa, if you have the skills and intelligence to earn more than this you should be in the private sector generating wealth for the country.

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Sir Charles

Sep 14, 2011 at 13:02

I fail to fully understand Anonymous1's logic, a bit of self interested rationalisation.

My point is more about the split between the mortgage rate charged and the interest gained. This is a 'tax' to prop up bank losses by shaving the people who produce the wealth. My investments have taken a hit two years ago and are now taking the second whack as the longer term problems bite.

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Ian Craig

Sep 17, 2011 at 09:09

Intervention is a disaster. The rollercoaster ride on the back of Greek bailouts is horrendous, been going on for far too long, and shows no sign of resolving. We'd have picked up the pieces by now, but instead we're spending good money after bad. It's not even as if we're bailing out the Greeks - we're bailing out the twits who lent them money. The Euro is bigger than Greece; a default by Greece is more similar to a large corporate bankruptcy, rather than a proper default of a sovereign nation. Don't feel sorry for France for lending so much to Greece, they're the ones who broke the Euro's deficit rules in the first place.

I always hate it when I hear of Britain leaping into the fore to save the world. As sure as eggs are eggs, we'll find that fools rush in where angels fear to tread.

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